BACKGROUND: THE COMPILATION PROCESS:
Before getting into the options, a little background. When you
compile a program as we've been doing, "gcc" checks the source code
for errors and creates a binary object file of that code (if no errors
exist). It then calls the linker to link your code's object file with
other pre-compiled object files residing in libraries. These linked
object binaries are saved as your newly compiled program. The options
to "gcc" dictate the way in which this process is performed. For example,
you could tell "gcc" to just create the object file and skip the
linking, such as when developing large programs or building your own
libraries -- how to do this is outside the scope of this class.
where
Examples of the options "-I", and "-L" are given below in the
description of "gcnr." The description gives an example of "-l", too.
I explain "-o" and "-l" here.
EXAMPLES FROM gcnr:
An example of using the above options is the little file named "gcnr",
which we use to compile programs that use Numerical Recipes in C
functions. The file "gcnr" is a one-line Unix script that issues the
following command:
(Note that the above is a long command and may word wrap in your browser.)
The numbers in this list mark each part of the command:
where
CONCLUSION:
There are MANY options to gcc which can be used to make programming
easier and faster. These are only a few of the more common ones. As
mentioned above, the man pages for gcc list them all.
Before getting into the options, a little background. When you
compile a program as we've been doing, "gcc" checks the source code
for errors and creates a binary object file of that code (if no errors
exist). It then calls the linker to link your code's object file with
other pre-compiled object files residing in libraries. These linked
object binaries are saved as your newly compiled program. The options
to "gcc" dictate the way in which this process is performed. For example,
you could tell "gcc" to just create the object file and skip the
linking, such as when developing large programs or building your own
libraries -- how to do this is outside the scope of this class.
All of the options of the gcc command are explained in the
"man" pages. Type "man gcc" at the Athena prompt and
the (huge) list of options will be displayed.
OPTIONS IMPORTANT IN 10.001:
The gcc options that are important for 10.001 are as follows:
-Wall
-ansi
-pedantic
-I{directory_name}
-L{directory_name}
-l{library}
-o{file_name}
where
{directory_name} would be replaced by an Athena directory name,
{library} denotes a library file as explained below, and
{file_name} would be replaced by a valid Unix filename.
Examples of the options "-I", and "-L" are given below in the
description of "gcnr." The description gives an example of "-l", too.
I explain "-o" and "-l" here.
- -Wall
- tells the compiler to implement 'all' Warning options.
Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions which
are not inherently erroneous but which are risky or suggest
there may have been an error. Very useful for debugging code. - -ansi
- tells the compiler to implement the ANSI language option.
This turns off certain "features" of GCC which are incompatible
with the ANSI standard. - -pedantic
- used in conjunction with -ansi, this tells the compiler to
be adhere strictly to the ANSI standard, rejecting any code which
is not compliant. - -o
- tells the compiler to save the compiled
program under the name. So, typing
"gcc myfile.c -o myfile.x" will take the source code
of file "myfile.c" and create program "myfile.x" rather
than the default program "a.out". - -l
- tells the linker to search a standard list of directories
for the library, which is actually a file named
"lib.a". The linker then uses this file as if
it had been specified precisely by name.
The directories searched include several standard system
directories plus any that you specify with "-L".
EXAMPLES FROM gcnr:
An example of using the above options is the little file named "gcnr",
which we use to compile programs that use Numerical Recipes in C
functions. The file "gcnr" is a one-line Unix script that issues the
following command:
gcc -Wall -ansi -pedantic -I/mit/recipes/src/recipes_c-ansi/include
-L/mit/recipes/`machtype`lib $* -lrecipes_c-ansi -lm |& grep -v nrutil
(Note that the above is a long command and may word wrap in your browser.)
The numbers in this list mark each part of the command:
- /mit/cygnus/`machtype`bin/gcc
- -I/mit/recipes/src/recipes_c-ansi/include
- -L/mit/recipes/`machtype`lib
- $*
- -lrecipes_c-ansi
- -lm
- |& grep -v nrutil
where
- Tells Unix where to find the gcc program (`machtype`
is needed to make sure that the correct version of gcc
is used for the machine type you are using). - Tells gcc that it should look in the Num. Rec. in C
include directory to find nr.h and nrutil.h when it
encounters #include "nr.h" and #include "nrutil.h" in your code. - Tells gcc to look in the Num. Rec. in C library directory to
find the pre-compiled binaries for all Num. Rec. in C
functions used in your code. - Is the Unix script notation for the command line argument to
the script. In other words, when you type "gcnr myfile.c",
"myfile.c" will be substituted in place of "$*". - Specifies the name of the library of pre-compiled binaries for
all Num. Rec. in C functions. It resides in the directory mentioned
under (4). This option tells the linker to link in the
Num. Rec. in C functions when building your program. - Tells the linker to link in the math library. The name of the math
library (i.e., file of pre-compiled binaries for all math functions)
is "libm.a". (See explanation of "-l" above.) - Pushes the output through a parsing program called grep. This looks
through the output for lines containing "nrutil" and ignores them.
This removes a number of error messages that do not prevent the
executable from functioning.
CONCLUSION:
There are MANY options to gcc which can be used to make programming
easier and faster. These are only a few of the more common ones. As
mentioned above, the man pages for gcc list them all.
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